International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Prashant Kanade, Omkar Mangalpalli, Abha Ranade, Divya Raisinghani, Mayur Pawar

ABSTRACT:SANJAY is an assistant for the visually impaired. It is a "Captionbot for assistive vision" that provides a reading facility as well as an object detection tool for the blind. Disability is simply a mismatch between a person and his surroundings. People are invincible when they have the right resources. By effectively educating blind or visually disabled people of their environment, this project aids in addressing the challenges associated with visual disability. The project not only aids in the understanding of the environment but also gives the consumer a sense of freedom. The objects are detected and their names are displayed on a computer before being translated to expression. Our project uses YOLO (You Only Look Once) detection models for object detection after a thorough examination of previous detection algorithms such as Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Region dependent CNN (RCNN), Fast RCNN, Faster RCNN, and YOLO.

Keyword:visually impaired, captionbot, deep learning, assistive technology, object recognition

1 Okou, O. C., 1 Yaye,Y. G., 1 Ackah, J. A.A.B., 1 Hamed, D., 2 Djaman, A. J.

ABSTRACT:The general objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo activity of minerals from both plants on biochemical parameters. During this study, twenty-seven rabbits including seventeen males and ten females were solicited. For its realization, two portions were carried out (experimental and control).The experimental portion consisted of seven lots of three rabbits (two males and one female); whereas the control portion consisted of two lots of three males and three females for each lot. Every rabbit of the two portions was collected separately in a red tube (dry tube) with the only difference that for the experimental portion, a given rabbit was first scarified and then a previously prepared precise potion (P) was separately applied to the scarified area of the rabbit and blood was collected from the 4th day onwards for analysis of biochemical parameters.The results of this study reveal in a general way the varied actions of the minerals from these plants and their combination on the biochemical parameters studied. Their effect on these biochemical parameters may be visible on one or two animals or rarely on all three of a given batch.Thus, those from Millettia pinnata, Mucuna pruriens and their combination can have actions on the glycemia, creatinine and urea of certain animals, or on the transaminases, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDLc and LDLc of other animals and/or on the ionograms (sodium, chlorine and potassium) of still other animals. This variation in action can be the cause of many diseases such as diabetes, kidney, liver, heart and vascular diseases.

Keyword:Minerals, Mucuna pruriens, Millettia pinnata, biochemical parameters

Aileen A. Dondoyano and Eugenio S. Guhao Jr., DM

ABSTRACT:The purpose of the research was to establish a causal model of leadership character of school heads as influenced by workplace spirituality, public service motivation, and the ethical climate of school heads. The research design used in the study was descriptive-causal design through structural equation modeling. Data collected from 364 respondents of the 10 school divisions in Region XI were randomly selected using stratified proportionate sampling. Findings showed that the three exogenous variables, workplace spirituality, public service motivation and ethical climate of school heads and leadership character of school heads, as an endogenous variable, have very high levels of means and that there is a significant relationship between all the three exogenous variables and the endogenous variable. The most tightfisted model (model 4) conveyed a generalized new concept that the endogenous variable, leadership character of school heads was solely indicated by its retained variables judgment, justice, humility, and transcendence was significantly influenced by the ethical climate which was now grounded primarily on its reserved indicators egoism and principle which was highly reinforced by workplace spirituality now defined by its remained domains meaningful work and alignment with organizational values. In conclusion, the final model depicted the direct causal relationships of workplace spirituality, public service motivation, and the ethical climate of school heads and was the best models on the leadership characteristics of secondary school heads. Implications of research and policy are also discussed based on the derived causal model

Keyword:causal model, leadership character, workplace spirituality, public service motivation, ethical climate, Philippines

JEANETTE A. ESPELIMBERGO & EUGENIO S. GUHAO JR., DM

ABSTRACT:The purpose of the study was to determine the best-fit path model on school effectiveness of publicschool heads in Region XI, Philippines. The researcher employed a quantitative research design utilizing the goodness of fit statistics. There were three exogenous variables, namely: school-based management, teamwork attitudes and sense of community and the endogenous variable was school effectiveness. The instruments used in the study were adopted and modified survey questionnaires and administered to 200 public secondary school teachers using quota sampling technique. Findings showed that levels of school-based management, teamwork attitudes, and sense of community were high, and school effectiveness was very high among respondents. There were significant correlations between school-based management and school effectiveness, between teamwork attitudes and school effectiveness and between sense of community and school effectiveness. Finally, path analysis described path model 4 as the best-fit path model since the resulting model fit values satisfied all the criterion indices required. Moreover, Model 4 defines the direct impact between teamwork attitudes and school effectiveness and between sense of community and school effectiveness. Significant correlation exists between teamwork attitudes and school-based management.

Keyword:school-based management, teamwork attitudes, sense of community, school effectiveness, school heads, Philippines

Mohamed Chaibi*‡, EL Mahjoub Benghoulam*, Mohamed Berrada**, Abdellah El Hmaidi***

ABSTRACT:Accurate assessment of the solar resource is an essential step for successful planning, design, and operation of solar energy systems. In this study, the potential of three machine learning methods, i.e. Gaussian Process(GP), Support Vector Machines Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), was evaluated for estimating monthly solar irradiation (H) in Morocco with4 inputs variables (latitude, average temperature(T), average relative humidity(RH), and month of the year). Then, the Ordinary Kriging (OK) method was used with 86 data to generate monthly and annual solar maps of the country at a regional scale. The results revealed that the three methods showed close results in terms of prediction accuracy, the values of the coefficient of determination (R²) for GP, SVRs, and ANNs are (0.960,0.966, and 0.963)for the testing phase. Also, the GP model was the most stable with an increase of 7.1% in the testing root mean squared error (RMSE) compared to 36.7% and 26.6% for the SVR and ANN algorithms. Nevertheless, its computational cost is approximately 14 and 24 much higher than the computational cost of the SVR and ANN models, respectively. Based on the solar maps, and the subdivision of the solar potential in seven classes ranging between poor and superb, the results confirmed that Morocco has a large solar resource dominated by excellent (5-5.57kWh/m². day) and outstanding (5.57-6.08 kWh/m². day) classes. The outstanding solar resource was found in the southern and southeastern regions of the country.

Keyword:Solar resource, Gaussian Process, Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines Regression, Ordinary Kriging, Outstanding.

Alvin Lawrence Tendo

ABSTRACT:The main text on which this research has revolved is Martin Heidegger’s master piece, Being and Time. The objectives of the study were; to investigate the phenomenological method utilized in Being and Time; to examine the concept of Dasein and to analyze authentic existence. This research study addresses the problem of the widespread inauthenticity prevailing in the world.It is evident that countless people are living under the dictatorship of the “One” – we judge as one judge, we behave as onebehaves. In this conformism to what others do, we lose our unique self. In the exploration of Martin Heidegger’s theme of authenticity, it has been sufficiently established that for Heidegger, authentic existence entails; authentic being-towards-death, angst (dread or anxiety), conscience and guilt, resoluteness and anticipatory resoluteness. Nonetheless, it is vitally important to note that although authentic existence is possible and important, it does not completely eradicate inauthenticity – authentic existence is only possible as a modification of inauthentic existence. The results of this study will be of great service in our human voyage towards authenticity and civilization.

Keyword:Angst, Anticipation, Authentic existence, Inauthentic existence, Being, Conscience, Dasein, das Man, Guilt, Hermeneutic, Phenomenology, Resoluteness, Uncanny.

Ndung’u C. Wangui1 , Kweri J. Kariuki2, Mwangi Ann3, Sigei Caroline4 , Mwangi James5, Macharia Peris6, Malik Atanas7

ABSTRACT:Dexamethasone a glucorticoid has been shown to impede fetal embryogenesisof the developing fetal visceral.Despite the fact that data exists on its teratogenic effect’s on certain organs, there is absence ofinformation showing its teratogenic effects based on stages of development as well as exposed to variable doses. The aim of this studywas to determine the effects of differing doses of intrauterine dexamethasone on fetal visceral of albino rats. Gravidalbino rats were used in this study. When the dexamethasone was given from day 7th to day 20th, weight reduced by 41%,21% and 14% at high, medium and low dexamethasone doses respectively. When dexamethasone drug given from day 14th to 20th day; weight of the fetuses reduced by 20%,15% and 12% at high, medium and low dexamethasone doses respectively. The fetal weight reduced by 44%,36%,20% when given throughout at high, medium and low dexamethasone doses respectively Weight of the pancreas, brain, liver, placental, heart and kidney also decreased depending with the amount of dexamethasone and period of administration.Intrauterine administration of dexamethasone impaired fetal embryogenesis which is dependent on gestation period and amount of drug ingested. Dexamethasone when given had negative effects on the fetal visceral such as a kidney, liver, placental weight, brain, and pancreas. Moreover, reduced little size and reduced fetal weight.

Keyword: fetal visceral, dexamethasone, teratogenic

IMAN ABDU MASHI 1, NASIR HASSAN WAGINI 2, SANI MOHAMMED GIDADO 3

ABSTRACT:According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 80% of the world population still depend directly on medicinal plants for their basic health care needs. Vachellia nilotica has a long history of ‘ethno’ uses due to its versatility and availability, it has been reported that different parts of the plant has been used to treat various ailments ranging from diarrhea, internal bleeding and skin diseases among others. However, there has been widespread consumption of medicinal plants in recent years, because of this it’s essential to check for their efficacy and safety. So, it’s against this backdrop that this current study aims at assessing the mineral elements and heavy metals present in the leaves, pods and stem bark extract of Vachellia nilotica. The plant parts were collected fresh, healthy and free from any organic substance, they were extracted using acetone as a solvent and were evaluated for mineral elements and heavy metals using an X-ray Fluorescence analyzer. The result obtained revealed that all plant parts tested were rich in both macro (Ca, Mg, Fe, S etc.) and micro elements/nutrients (Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn etc.). However, the leaves recorded to have the highest values with most exceeding the permissible limit set by WHO/FAO, while moderate in the pods extract and the least values were mostly obtained in the stem bark extract. Potential carcinogenic heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, arsenic, cobalt and vanadium were not detected. However, mercury was found to be slightly below the WHO limit in leaves (0.88ppm) but exceeding the limit with 2.43ppm in pods and 1.37ppm in stem bark. So also nickel which was found only in pods (2.47ppm) and stem bark (2.15ppm), other heavy metal like lead was detected but recorded a value below the WHO limit. In addition to that other rare earth metals like rubidium, cesium, and strontium among others were detected. This study has concluded that the stem bark, pods and leaves of the plant may not be safe for consumption due to presence of toxic heavy metals like mercury which can pose a serious health hazard to human and other rare earth metals who have no any permissible limit established by WHO.

Keyword: Vachellia nilotica, pods, stem bark, leaves, macro elements, micro elements, heavy metals, rare earth metals, permissible limit.

Teketel Shambel Aseffa1 , Desta Tesfaye Abebe2 and Asfaw Degu3

ABSTRACT:A field experiment was conducted at Pawe Agricultural Research Center during the main rainy season of 2018 to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates on phenology and seed yield of okra. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications in factorial arrangement. Urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) used as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively.Plant height, leaf number per plant, primary branch number per plant and 50% flowering date were significantly affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applications. Date of 50% emergence dry pod length and width were not significantly affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates. Significant responses were also observed in seed yield and related traits of okra due to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application.Maximum pod number per plant (20 and 19.67) were recorded from treatment received at the rate of 0 and 75 and 50 and 37.5 kg/ha N and P, respectively. Similarly maximum number of seeds per pod (93.47) were recorded from N and P treatment at the rate of 0 with 112.5 kg/ha. The highest 1000 seed weight (80.83 gm) were obtained from the combinations of N and P at the rate of 50 with 75 kg/ha. Yield is the result of these mentioned traits and significantly maximum yield (659.01 kg/ha) were recorded from N and P treatments at the rate of 0 with 75 kg/ha. It is possible to conclude that application of N and P at the rate of 0 with 75 kg/ha gives economical optimum amount of seed yield of okra in the study area.

Keyword:Nitrogen, Okra, Phenology, Phosphorus and Seed yield

Ziasmin 1 , Mohammad Mahbub Islam 2, Tahmina Akter Rimi 3

ABSTRACT:Pot experiment was conducted to assess the contribution of Salicylic acid (SA) on mitigation of Arsenic (As) toxicity in wheat during November 2015 to March 2016. In this experiment, the treatment consisted of four different As levels viz. As0 = without As (control), As1 = 30 mg As kg-1 soil, As2 = 60 mg As kg-1 soil, AS3 = 90 mg As kg-1 soil and three different levels of SA viz. S0 = 0 mM, S1= 0.2 mM and S2 = 0.4 mM.The total treatment combinations were 12 (4x3).The morphological characters: plant height, number of leaf, tillers and effective tiller plant-1, yield contributing characters: number of spikelet, effective spikelet spike-1, spike length, number of grains spike-1and grain yield plant-1 of wheat were noticeably decreased due to As whereas exogenous application of SA improved the morphological, yield contributing characters and yield of wheat. The physiological character, SPAD value which indicates chlorophyll content was not significantly changed due to salicylic acid. The interaction between different levels of As and SA has significant effect on almost all the morpho-physiological parameters including yield contributing characters and yield of wheat. The highest grain yield plant-1 (2.4 g) was recorded at As0S2 (Without As + 0.4 mM SA) treatment combination. But the grain yield was gradually decreased with the increasing level of As toxicity. The application of SA increased the grain yield differently according to the levels of As. The minimum grain yield plant-1 were found 1.8 g, 1.5 g and 1.00 g at 30mg, 60mg, and 90mg As kg1 soil, respectively. These yields were increased with SA (0.4 mM) from 1.8 to 2.2 g, 1.5 to 1.8 g and 1.0 to 1.20 g at 30mg, 60mg, and 90mg As kg-1 soil, respectively. These results suggest that SA mitigate the adverse effects of As toxicity and thereby increase the grain yield of wheat.

Keyword:Wheat; Salicylic acid; Arsenic; Yield

Paul Halliday Kumwenda, SMM.

ABSTRACT:The German-born Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) is considered one of the notable philosophers of technology. This paper traces the relevance of his conception of technology as projected into well-being of Daseinin the twenty-first century. One distinctive aspect of his philosophy is that all ways of having to do with things, all modes of Dasein’s comportment to entities let thingsshow themselves in some way. For him, the real danger of technology does not lie in the technical devices but in its essence, which he terms Gestell, translated as Enframing; a mode of revealing (Being) whereby any entity or reality (including human beings) is disclosed as standing-reserve of raw material and energy ready-to-hand (available for our use). He also opines that the ultimate threatlies in the fact that it may lead to a naive approval of calculative thinkingas the only way of thinking. As proposed by him, the paper shows that today’s world needs “openness to a mystery” and “releasement towards things” in our relation to technology.

Keyword:Being, Dasein, Machination, Enframing, Calculative Thinking, Mystery, Gelassenheit.

Chunjie Wei & Jian Wang*

ABSTRACT:Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used in data processing and dimensionality reduction. Its online version is useful in many modern applications where the data are large or constantly updated. We introduce an online PCA (OPCA) method based on perturbation matrix updating. The OPCA method based on the perturbation method utilizes the interlaced property of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix under the rank-1 correction to recursively update and sort the eigenvalues, eigenvectors. Numerical example shows that the OPCA method reduces the computational complexity and can detect faults in time when faults exist.

Keyword:principal component analysis; perturbation matrix; rank-one update; online monitoring.

Ruiling Niu & Jian Wang

ABSTRACT:We select the per capita living consumption expenditure of rural residents in Shandong Province from 2001 to 2019 and the eight items of consumption expenditure data to study the relationship between urbanization development and consumption expenditure of rural residents in Shandong Province and the change trend of consumption structure of rural residents in the process of urbanization development. Taking the urbanization rate as the independent variable and the proportion of the eight major consumer expenditure in the total consumption expenditure as the dependent variable, the regression analysis models are established respectively. The results show that the regression coefficients between the proportion of food, the proportion of health care, the proportion of transportation and communication and the urbanization rate are higher, and the fitting degree is better. It shows that in the process of urbanization, the three types of consumer expenditure are greatly affected by the development of urbanization.

Keyword:Shandong Province, urbanization, consumption structure of rural residents, regression analysis

Ann Mwangi1 ,Joseph Kweri2 ,James Kanyoni3 , Rono Walter4 , Caroline Sigei5 , Peris Macharia6 , Teresiah Musa7 ,Atanas Malik8 , Michael Chege9 , Cyrus Kamau 10, Jane W. karanja11, Caroline Ndung'u12 .

ABSTRACT:The in-uteroteratogenic effects of carbamazepine on the histomorphogenesis, cellular distribution and the histological thickness of different cerebral cortical layers of fetal brain when exposed at varied doses and on different gestational periods has not been well elucidated. This study set out to evaluate the teratogenic effects of inutero exposure to varied doses of carbamazepine on the thickness and cellular organization of the cerebral cortices at different gestation periods. In carrying out the study, a static group experimental study design was adopted. A Sample size of 30 albino rat dams (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 200-250grams were used in the study where they were divided into two broad study groups of 3 rats control and 27 rats experimental. These 27 animals in the experimental group were further subdivided into three study groups of 9 rats as follows; (i) Low carbamazepine group [LCG-20.7mg/kg/bw] (ii)Medium carbamazepine [MCG-72.3mg/kg/bw], (iii) High carbamazepine group [HCG-124mg/kg/bw]. the 9 rats in each of the three dose categories were further sub-divided into three groups of 3 rats according to trimesters as follows; (i) Trimester I-(3rats); (ii) trimester II-(3rats) and (iii) trimester III-(3rats) respectively. Fetal brains were harvested and processed for routine microscopy and examined at different magnifications of X10, X40, and X100. The findings of the study showed remarkable disaggregation, sparse distribution of the various cellular components and remarkable reduction in cortical thickness of all the six cerebral cortical layers of the fetal brain across all the treatment groups compared with the controls. The critical period of carbamazepine teratogenicity was established to be 1st and 2nd trimesters with a critical dose of 124mgs/Kg/bw showing highest teratogenicity effects.

Keyword:Carbamazepine, Anticonvulsant, Teratogenic, Histomorphology, Histostreology

1 P. K. Olulope, 2 O. M. Amusan, 3 Bankole.Adebanji,

ABSTRACT:Minimizing electricity generation cost (including fuel cost, plus emission cost, plus operation/maintenance cost, plus network loss cost) of multiple operating units has been a major issue in the power sector. The economic dispatch has the objective of allocating different loads to the power generators in such a manner that the total fuel cost is minimized while all operating constraints are satisfied. Conventional optimization methods assume generator cost curves to be continuous and monotonically increasing, but modern generators have a variety of nonlinearities in their cost curves making this assumption inaccurate, and the resulting approximate dispatches cause a lot of revenue loss. Evolutionary methods like Genetic Algorithm perform better for such problems. To know the effectiveness and efficiency Genetic Algorithm in solving economic dispatch, this paper proposes the application of these evolutionary algorithms to three-generators and six-generator. Firstly, the mathematical model of economic dispatch is developed and then, the Genetic Algorithm is developed to solve the economic dispatch problem. The complex problem of economic power dispatch is solved using genetic algorithm. The test results clearly demonstrated that genetic algorithm which is capable of achieving global solutions is simple, good computational efficiency and has quite a stable dynamic convergence characteristic. In the case economic dispatch problem with multiple fuel option, the genetic algorithm has shown capability of achieving result as the conventional numerical method.

Keyword:Economic Dispatch, Genetic Algorithm, Generation-Demand, Operation cost, maintenance cost, transmission losses, Heuristic search algorithm

Caroline Sigei 1 , Joseph Kweri 2, James Kanyoni 3, Ann Mwangi 4 Atanas Malik 5, Teresiah Musa 6, Rono Walter 7, Peris Macharia 8, Caroline Ndung'u 9, Shadrack Asena 10.

ABSTRACT:Although prenatal exposure to phenytoin has been shown to perturb the outcome of pregnancy when used prenatally, specific data on how varied doses of phenytoin affects maternal pregnancy outcome when exposed in different window periods is not well elucidated. This study therefore aimed to establish maternal pregnancy outcome following prenatal use of phenytoin varying doses when applied at different gestational trimesters in albino rats. In carrying out the study a total of 30 pregnant female albino rats weighing between 150-250grmas were randomly assigned into two broad study groups of 3 control and 27 experimental group. The 27animals in the experimental group were further subdivided into three study groups as follows [low phenytoin group(31mgs/kg/bw), medium (62mg/kg/bw) and high phenytoin group(124mg/kg/bw)] of nine (9) rats each. Each of the nine (9) rats in each of the low, medium and high phenytoin groups were further subdivided into three study sub- groups of 3 rats each as trimesters I (T1) trimester II (T2), and trimester III (T3) in order to determine the effects of phenytoin when exposed on different gestational periods. The control group received food and water adlibitum while experimental animals received food, water adlibitum and varying doses of phenytoin based on their study category and the exposure period every 8.am in the morning. All the pregnant rats were humanly sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation and the uterine walls opened along the antimesomentrial border, the fetuses were then harvested, all live fetuses and devoured fetuses counted, the resorbed glans were also counted and placental weights were taken. Data was then recorded in the tally sheets, entered into an excel data sheet and analyzed using statistical packages for social science version23 (SPSS VERSION23) for windows. The intergroup and intragroup comparisons were statistically analyzed usingone way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and all P-values less than 0.00 5 were taken to be statistically significant. There was statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group pregnancy outcome. The litter size and the placental weights of the control group were statistically different (high) compared to the experimental group (low) particularly when high phenytoin dose is administered during the first trimester. Consequently, resorbed endometrial glands as well as devoured fetuses between the control group were statistically different (low) compared to experimental group (high). This study found out that the maternal pregnancy outcome differs depending on the dose and time of prenatal phenytoin exposure as seen by reduced litter size and placental weights in the high dose group fetuses as well as trimester 1 group compared to low dose group fetuses and trimester 3 respectively, more clinical trials need to be conducted for proper and more accurate prenatal phenytoin dose adjustment.

Keyword:Phenytoin, Anticonvulsant, Teratogenic, Pregnancy outcome.

Caroline Sigei 1 , Joseph Kweri 2, Ann Mwangi 3, James Kanyoni 4, Atanas Malik 5, Teresiah Musa 6, Rono Walter 7 Peris Macharia 8, Caroline Ndung'u 9, Shadrack Asena 10.

ABSTRACT:Maternal use of phenytoin during pregnancy has been shown to disturb the development of the fetal heart structures hence increasing the risks of structural cardiovascular defects during childhood. This may also be a contributor to the increasing cases of adult CVS diseases such as cardiac dysfunction, coronary heart diseases, myocardial infarction among others. Though data exist on possible teratogenic effects of phenytoin to the developing heart structures, there is paucity of data on anatomical histo-quantitative effects of phenytoin on the developing fetal heart structures. In carrying out the study a total of 30 female albino rats’ dams weighing between 150-250grams were used as the experimental model whereby they were randomly assigned into two broad study groups of 3 controls and 27 experimental group. The 27 rats in the experimental group were further subdivided into three study groups of 9 rats each into low, mediam and high phenytoin groups where the low phenytoin groups received 31mgs/kg/bw, medium (62mg/kg/bw) and high phenytoin group(124mg/kg/bw)]. In order to determine the effects of phenytoin when exposed on different gestational periods, the 9 rats in each of the three study groups of low, medium and high phenytoin groups were further subdivided into three sub- groups of 3 rats each as per the three trimesters of study; trimester one (T1) trimester two (T2), and trimester three (T3). All rats both experimental and the control group received standard rodent pellets from Unga limited and water adlibitum while all rats in the experimental groups further recieved varying doses of phenytoin based on their study category and as per the trimester of exposure. All the pregnant rats were humanely sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation and the fetuses were then harvested and weighed. A total of 90 fetuses, three fetuses with low, medium and high weights objectively obtained from each dam were hence used in this study. The three fetuses in each group were sacrificed and their hearts harvested and processed for histo-stereological analysis. Data was then recorded in the data capture sheets, entered into Microsoft excel and analyzed using statistical packages for social science version 23 (SPSS VERSION23) for windows. The intergroup and intragroup comparisons were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and all P-values less than 0.05 were taken to be statistically significant. The mean total fetal heart volume decreased with increasing phenytoin dose when administered particularly in TM1 and TM2 when compared to the controls.

Keyword:Phenytoin, Anticonvulsant, Teratogenic, histostereology, fetal heart.

Haoyue Song & Jian Wang*

ABSTRACT:To solve the overfitting problem in the existing methods for missing data, we introduce a regularized PCA (RPCA) method. We draw a missing data matrix, which obtain missing values and observed values. We make some distribution assumptions on the score matrix, the loading matrix and the error matrix to limit the range of estimation results. In numerical simulation, we fit a missing data set with the RPCA method, the MSE and MAE values are obviously decreased as the increase of the missing ratios, which reflects that the method has advantages on the missing data with high missing ratios.

Keyword:missing data, overfitting, regularized PCA

YahayaYunusaRiko1 , Bashir Abdulkadir2, MannirKabir1, 3 and Ibrahim Muhammadu Abdullah4

ABSTRACT:Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) threatens humanity. Curtailing AMR necessitates periodic re-evaluation of resistance patterns andupdated reporting of resistant pathogens in various locales. Here, we adapted definitions from an international experts’ guidance report by CDC/ECDC(withCLSI/EUCAST& FDA’s contributions) and developed a robust modeladapted to the Nigerian context, for classifying antibiotic-resistant bacteria into multi/extensively drug-resistant subtypes. We inferred from the report the redundancy ofexclusive use of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index/MARI asan indicator of multi/extensive drug resistance; hence, we devised additional indexes: Multiple Antibiotic Non-Sustainability Index/MANSI and Class Non-Susceptibility Index/CNSIas viable alternatives. Weevaluated themodel by ascertaining multidrug resistancefromsomecommonly isolated Gramnegative bacteria originating from medical/food/environmental samples from Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria;maintained in the Microbiology Lab, Umaru Musa ‘Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria (2018-2020); using the Kirby-Bauer technique.The model showed that four out of five bacteria (80%) are multidrug resistant: Enterobacteraerogenes, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andShigelladysentriae.Statistical analyses showed that inhibition zones elicited by the various antibioticsdiffer significantly from each other at p ≤ 0.05 (p = 0.0025; Fcal = 4.30, Fcrit = 2.36), and also amongst the tested bacteria (p = 0.000081, Fcal = 11.32, Fcrit = 3.01).TheCNSIs(ranging from 0/8 to 5/8) proved the best technique for detecting multi/extensive drug-resistance than the MARIs(0.0-0.5) and the MANSIs(0.0-0.6). The model also shows the percentage effectiveness of the antibiotics at a glance, with cephalexin/ceporex (80% resistance), Pefloxacin (60% resistance), and Augmentin, Ciprofloxacin, and Nalidixic Acid (40% resistance each) being highly resisted. We envisagethe model developed hereinhopefully acting as a blueprint/model foraccurately reporting multi/extensive drug resistance; hence keeping stakeholders abreast of trends in susceptibility/resistance;towards managing the threat ofantimicrobial resistance.

Keyword:Antibiogram, Multidrug Resistance, Multiple Antibiotic Non-Susceptibility Index, Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index

Comfort Nyati

ABSTRACT:Africa has always been a naturally land-unlocked continent; unlocked by the very word, ‘diversity’that has a breath of assortment situated in culture, history, religion and languages. Apart from the aforementioned, Africa is also a home to tourists, missionaries and settlers. With a welcoming and hospitable attitude, those people are, but heartly hosted including their culture, religion, education, and language to mention but a few. Hosting such is increasingly refurbishing the African community. It is swiftly overturning what ought to be Africa, in particularly indigenous language systems. Ngugi wa Thiong’o opens his philosophical work ‘Decolonizing the Mind’ with a decry that the subject of language in Africa cannot be discussed meaningfully outside the context of those social forces which have made it both an issue demanding our attention and a problem calling for solution1. This article articulates a breakthrough of language colonization that has taken roots in the continent of Africa, thusarguing for Language Decolonization. By decolonizingnative languages which have been assimilated by the languages of colonial masters, we come to a full understanding and appreciating the diversity of languages harbored in the continent. The paper also addresses one of the existential paradoxes in Africa, black skin but white tongue; an ontological issue that points to an incoherence that lies between the race and the language embraced. Henceclearing the perpetual dilemma of Africans on the choice of official languages especially to nations which adopted exoglossic language policies.

Keyword:Africanized, Englishized, Dasein, Language, lingua franca, Extinction, Copycats, Exoglossic, Endoglossic.

A. Luqman1 , U. K. Majumder2, Md.Saifur Rahman3

ABSTRACT:This research "A Study on Challenges and Academic Achievement International Students' in Bangladeshi's Universities"; it primarily aimed to explore the challenges and academic achievements made by the international students. The objectives identified the differences in among demographic factors such as gender, region, and level of education, challenges, and academic achievement among international students. It also examined the relationship between challenges with academic achievement of students among others. The sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling, as it required the researcher to select the sample that is known to possess a particular characteristic under investigation In Bangladesh the public and private universities academic system assume to be the same and homogeneous in nature. Hence the study selected two public universities and two private universities that have foreign student. The number of 186 respondents was selected from the selected universities using simple random sampling techniques. A significant difference between the international undergraduate and postgraduate students studying in Bangladesh was found when considering the university activities, cultural stress, communication challenges and socio-demographic variables of the students. The results of the stepwise regression also indicated that university challenges and cultural stress have significantly predicted international student achievement in university. The study recommends that universities may organize class for providing training in local communication skills in order to prepare the international students for interaction and successful life in the host community.

Keyword:Academic achievement, International Students, Challenges, Cultural stress

Barasa Nasambu Joy, LSOSF.

ABSTRACT:After experiencing and reflecting on the kind of life we are living in the contemporary society, I realised that we have changed drastically, and we have a task to return to the humane way of living. Covid-19 Pandemic is not only ending lives, it is also reminding and teaching us on how much we have contributed to the brokenness of the society we live in, the woundedness people have, and the inauthentic, meaningless lives we are leading. We are too much egocentric; everybody is busy with self, acquiring everything for self, and have no time for others; what they need and how they feel. This paper presents Martin Buber’s dialogical intersubjectivity, as a proposed transformative tool in a Covid-19 Pandemic Society, where solicitude or loving care for each other can restore peace, healing and harmony, hence, man leading a dignified and authentic life.

Keyword:Dialogue, Intersubjectivity, Transformation, I-It, I-Thou, Covid-19, Pandemic, Authenticity, Human dignity.

ACHU FRIDA NJIEI, PhD & ANGELINE RAYMONDE NGO ESSOUNGA

ABSTRACT:Manyu division is enrich with vast forest species. Among these forest specie, timber and non-timber species has contributed enormously to the livelihood of the people.With the introduction of cocoa farming during the colonial period, and the domestication of forests’ species such as Irvingiagabonensis, I. wombulu (bush mango) and (eru) gnetumafricanum. by some research centres and institutes, agroforestry has become a rampant activity within the Manyu people. This paper presents the socio economic and cultural impacts of agroforestry in the lives of the population as well as the challenges faced by the farmers. Data was collected in 11 randomly selected villages of the Manyu division using both qualitative and quantitative methodswith the help of questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions. Results of the study indicate that agroforestry is an income generating activity in Manyu which has increased the earnings of farmers, contribute to environmental protection and help the population to maintain their culture. However, the Manyu people still face some challenges at the level of adoption of agroforestry practices. To ensure rise in the adoption of agroforestry practices, the government, non-governmental organization should provide an enabling environment with more education and improved in infrastructural network.

Keyword:Agroforestry, Adoption, socio economic, NGOs, cultural development.

Najjuma Oliver Babirye

ABSTRACT:This article intends to offer a philosophical basis for affirmative action. In our previous article we argued for the relevance of affirmative action in the 21st Century. We applied different ethical theories like consequentialism with its different types, that is; utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and ethical altruism. Mainly in these theories morality is based on the consequences. Consequentialism has its own advantages, however, when applied to controversial issues like affirmative action; it does not offer concrete solutions. It is due to this fact, that here we shall implore Kant's categorical imperative, the supreme principle of morality, as the basis of affirmative action.Both the proponents and opponents of affirmative action base their views on experience. Nevertheless, according to Kant all our cognition begins with experience, and so do all our actions, but it does not follow that either knowledge or action arises from or is a mechanical product of empirical factors. In either case, the a priori addition of absolute spontaneity is necessary to bring about the desired result. The categorical imperative, as the most basic standard by which moral value is measured, upholds affirmative action. This is done through highlighting the value of human dignity, acting on maxims that are universally and necessarily valid, plusthe autonomy of human beings.

Keyword:Kant, Supreme principle, Morality, Basis, Affirmative Action, Categorical Imperative, Aposteriori and Apriori, Human Dignity, Universality, Freedom.

Najjuma Oliver Babirye

ABSTRACT:Currently when one talks about affirmative action, a lot of controversy is generated in people’s mind. Those who oppose it, mostly argue that the progress by racial, ethnic minorities and women has been reached in the previous decades and so affirmative action is no longer necessary. On the other hand, the supporters of affirmative action maintain that discrimination and its effects is not yet eradicated; women and minorities are still underrepresented in higher-level positions in most organizations. In this article, we shall argue for the relevance of affirmative action using different ethical theories. Affirmative action programs were designed to end the effects of discriminatory practices that violate the inherent equality of persons on the basis of sex, skin colour and country of origin. Presently, discriminatory practices are portrayed in activities like; human trafficking, pornography, bullying and disability. It is due to such activities that we shall focus on the ethical analysis of affirmative action in the 21st Century, with the view of empowering the minority and women.

Keyword:Relevant, Ethical Analysis, Affirmative Action 21st Century, Discrimination, Current Issues.

1 Sherif Abdellah, 2 Ashraf El Sabbagh, 3 Ahmed Reda, 4 Basma Mohamed Rafea

ABSTRACT:This study presents the improvement of clay soil properties in East Port-Said by the Deep Mixing Soil method (DSM) and its effect on a quay wall design and displacement behavior. First, the different kinds of soil improvement and their applications were discussed. Then, the first focus is on The Deep Soil Mixing method (DSM) particularly as the most common soil improvement technique around the world. After that, the clay soil strata of East Port-Said will be introduced showing every layer's geotechnical properties. Three proposals of quay wall will be presented and a three-dimensional finite element (Plaxis 3D version 2020) was used to simulate them. The first one is a combi wall with one anchor row, in this case, the king pile is a steel tubular pile filled with concrete and with a closed toe. The second proposal is similar to the first one, but the toe of the pile is opened, and the lower quarter of the pile is plugged with soil. Finally, in the third proposal, the application of DSM is presented; this one includes nine cases, the DSM block dimensions differ from one case to another. The effect of DSM block dimensions variety was shown in terms of bending moments, shear forces, horizontal and vertical displacements, and axial force for both front and back walls and the corresponding cross-sections and geometry dimensions. Also, the axial force in the anchor rod was checked. After that total cost estimation for each case and a comparison between them was made to get the most economic case, and to find out how applying DSM does affect the quay wall system displacement behavior, internal interactions, and total cost.

Keyword:Deep Soil Mixing (DSM), Sheet Pile Wall, Plaxis 3D, Hardening soil model, Quay wall Cost Estimation.

ADEOSUN1 Ayodele Olayinka and AKINDELE2 Wasiu Olaide

ABSTRACT:The rumen, to ruminant animals is very important because it inhabits diverse and complex microbial ecosystem. These microbs help in ruminant digestion and assimilation of nutrients from forage and different types of diet. Defaunation is the elimination of microfauna, and ciliated protozoa from the rumen. Many attempts by researchers to achieve this have been made to justify the role and mechanisms of these microbs. There are several methods of achieving this, such as chemical, isolation of new born animals, dietary manipulations and use of plant extract as defauning agents, this review therefore, tries to summarize different strategies used and effect of defaunation on the rumen ecology and animal productivity. The discussed concepts and advances concerning defaunation will be useful for the researchers, animal producers, feed formulators and other stakeholders in order to boost their economic gain and profit through feed modification.

Keyword:Rumen, Defaunation, tannin, plant extracts, saponin

1 Emmanuel Alpha, 2 Anthony Kamara, 3 Francess Sia Saquee, 4 Foday Turay

ABSTRACT:A total of ten (10) immature cashew clones were imported from Ghana by comcashew under Solidaridad project. These clones were received by the Kenema Forestry and Tree Crops Research Centre (KFTCRC) on the 6th June, 2019. The materials were nursed and later transplanted to the permanent site on 23rd September 2019 at the Kpuwabu Clonal Garden in the Gaura Chiefdom, Kenema District. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of the Cashew varieties/clones on the canopy diametre, plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and the maximum leaf area index. Experimental design consisted of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten different clones as treatments. Three sets of five immature cashew plants were randomly selected and tagged for each variety and formed the sample for three (3) replications used. Data was collected on the canopy diameter, plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area index. The data was subjected to statistical analysis. The results obtained indicated significant differences among the clones. Further examination of the means for each variety revealed various levels of the variables; some varieties/clones showed least and highest plant heights, least and highest canopy diameters, least and highest stem girth, least and highest number of leaves and least and highest leaf area index per clone. This confirmed there is variability among the clones. Finally, the planting of these clones by farmers could improve yields significantly and thereby enhancing the growth and achievement of food security in Sierra Leone.

Keyword:Performance

Vajahathun Nisha A1*, Manoharan A 2**, Justus Antony S 3

ABSTRACT:Background: The siddha system of medicine is one of the traditional medicine and having the less side effects also, because its mosltly depends on the plant herbals. My dissertation drug has been mentioned in siddha classical literature of “Agasthiyar Irandaayiram III Paagam” for the management of pitha paandu “Iron Deficiency Anaemia”. Aim: To evaluate the acute and sub acute toxicity of siddha formulatory drug. It’s carried out as per the OECD 423 guidelines. Study Design: Observational in vivo study. Place and Duration of Study Animal bred house, Dept of Pharmacology, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnancoil, Srivilliputtur, Tamilnadu.Acute study-14 days, Sub-acute study-28 days. Materials and Methods: In female wistar albino rats were used on acute and sub acute toxicity study, It divided into 5 groups, 3 animals are having in each group, the test drug saaranai chooranam was administered single dose at 5mg / kg, 50 mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, 2000 mg/ kg body weight of animal for 14 days all group of treated animals and toxic symptoms are also observed including behavioural changes, locomotion, convulsions and mortality.The results are assessed for detect the effect of saaranai chooranam . There is no mortality and morbidity observed in animals through the 14 days period following single dose oral administration at all selected dose levels of the Saaranai Chooranam and sub acute toxicity study carried throught out 28 days. The animals don’t show any abnormal reactions and don’t change in the general appearances, gait and posture, reactivity to handling sensory stimuli, grip strength also normal. It also indicating the p value is less than 0.05

Keyword:Acute and sub acute toxicity, Invivo study, Siddha drug, Trianthema portulacastrum, Traditional medicine.

Danson Byegon

ABSTRACT:Energy storage is emerging as a solution to energy savings, energy management and performance improvement for power systems. From different available technologies, Fly-wheel Energy Storage Systems (F-ESS) are useful to attain energy solutions because of high energy density, large number of discharge cycles, long lifetime, future potential advancements and reduced costs for few minutes discharge time. The objective of this review paper is to use the concept of flywheels and its benefits apart from other technologies to assess how they can enhance the power system performance and achieve energy saving in some railway application, emphasizing the application of these energy storage systems for passenger and freight trains. Quantify the increase of the power quality in the railway power system and the cost advantage by incorporating FESS. This review paper will focus on how to integrate F-ESS into power systems in railway as a solution to absorbing regenerative braking energy and delivering it when a train is moving from a valley to uphill. Case studies which resemble common railway power system phenomenon are also in-cooperated to analyze amount of power wasted, amount of power that can be produced and saved using F-ESS with the aim of improving energy consumption of railway power systems.

Keyword:Flywheel, Energy storage system (F-ESS), Kinetic energy, Regenerative braking, Electrical energy, High specific energy.

Mohammed Rabiu Haruna 1 and Sulaiman Sani Kankara 2

ABSTRACT:Medicinal plants have been a panacea for the management of various ailments including anaemia. In this study, phytochemical screening, X-RF analysis and in vitro antisickling properties of four ethnobotanicals; Amaranthus hybridus, Manihot esculenta, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha tanjorensis mostly used for the management of Anaemia in Katsina State were studied. The in vitro antisickling properties was studied by inducing sickling using 2% Na2S2O5 followed by treatment with plants’ extracts at 250 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL concentrations, while P-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline served as positive and negative controls respectively. The four investigated plants species showed the presence of Zinc and magnesium in various quantities. Aqueous extracts of Manihot esculenta and Amaranthus hybridus have highest percentage of Zinc and Magnesium (0.0095% and 1.23%, respectively). Statistically significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) following treatment of the sickling induced erythrocytes with studied plants’ extracts at different concentrations. Highest antisickling (95%) was observed in aqueous extract of M. esculenta at 1000 µg/mL while least antisickling (85.67%) was observed in ethanolic extract of M. esculenta at 250 µg/mL. This study provides baseline data for further researches on combating sickle cell anaemia and also revealed that M. esculenta exhibits antisickling properties more than the popular M. oleifera. Further studies aimed at evaluating the ethnobotanicals in vivo and formulating nutraceuticals from M. esculenta leaves is strongly recommended.

Keyword:Anaemia, antisickling, plants, Katsina State, X-Ray fluorescence

Shengnan Guo

ABSTRACT:The stock price series is a set of random variables that depend on time changes, which can be approximated by the ARIMA model. This article uses the closing price of China CITIC Bank's stock from 2018 to 2020 to predict the stock price of China CITIC Bank. The results show that the error between the predicted price and the actual price of the stock in the next three working days will not exceed 0.5%. It can be seen that the model constructed in this article is relatively accurate and can well reflect the changing law of stock price sequence, which provides a useful reference for investors to allocate funds reasonably.

Keyword:ARIMA model; stock price prediction

Marwa Hisham El-Zoklah 1, Tamer Refaat 2

ABSTRACT:Residential buildings in Egypt consume about 40% of total energy consumption according to the 2018- 2019 energy consumption report the residential buildings. Most of this energy consumes in H-VAC to achieve the thermal comfort. So that, the architects start to use the Green façade systems (GFS) to minimizing the heat gain which came from the building envelope to optimize the energy efficiency and also to reduce climatic stress (radiation, heat gain, temperature …etc.), air pollution, CO2 emissions, sound reflections & external noise with taking into consideration the operational costs to gain a market edge. Design Builder has been used to simulate the GFS installation (directly or with 60cm air gap) effectiveness on a residential Twin House with 12cm wall thickness in New Cairo, Egypt in the directions (south – east - west) to inherit the effect of external wall thickness as a component of the building envelope on the efficiency of energy consumption. The change in thickness of the wall from 12 cm to 25 cm in the south direction reduced the energy consumption by 13.13% and in the case of the use of double wall thickness of 12 cm with 10 cm air cavity 17.2%, while in the east direction the reduction in energy consumption at 25 cm was 14.33%. While in the case of using a double wall thickness of 12 cm with 10 cm air cavity 18.65%, and finally in the case of west direction, the reduction in energy consumption at the thickness of 25 cm 15.26%, while in the case of a double wall thickness of 12 cm with a cavity of 10 cm 22.79%.

Keyword: green façade system, energy consumption efficiency; retrofitting.

Marwa Hisham El-Zoklah 1, Enas El-Halwagy 2

ABSTRACT:In the past several years the whole world targets the Green Strategies and Green Infrastructure Techniques. Although it has a different types and technologies, each one of them could be applied to specific functions and spaces. Depending on that, they apply it not only in new designs but also in the existing buildings. Therefore they start to use Green Walls and Green Roofs to protect building envelopes, maximize the thermal comfort, and minimize the need of using H-VAC which lid to minimize energy consumption and also to be as an environmental solution to compensate the shortage of horizontal green spaces which will improve the outdoor air quality and reduce the urban heat island effects. From this point the paper will discuss how to integrate the green strategies with green infrastructure techniques in existing buildings envelope through using Green Walls and Roofs in different orientation (East, South and West) and measuring its effect on energy consumption and CO2 emission by using DesignBuilder simulation program. Also the paper will discuss how these techniques will effect on water consumption and reducing the urban heat is land effect. The paper methodology will be through literature review about green infrastructure techniques generally and green envelope techniques specifically, then it will discuss its methods and effect through analytical example, to be ended with the practical part which will shows how the Green Walls and Roof application on office building space could be used as a one of green infrastructure techniques, protect the space envelope and finally how it reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions through using DesignBuilder simulation program

Keyword: Green Infrastructure; Building Envelope; Plantation Skin; Green Design Techniques